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Exercise 1205Linear algebra › Vector spaces and subspacesL1Added 3 Nov 2026

Independence depending on a parameter

#linear independence#parameter#determinant

Statement

For which values of mm is the family (1,1,m),(1,m,1),(m,1,1)(1,1,m), (1,m,1), (m,1,1) linearly independent in R3\mathbb{R}^3?

Hint

The family is independent iff the determinant of the matrix with these columns is nonzero.

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Solution

Determinant.
Δ=∣11m1m1m11∣.\Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & m \\ 1 & m & 1 \\ m & 1 & 1 \end{vmatrix}.
Adding all columns to the first:
Δ=(m+2)∣11m1m1111∣.\Delta = (m+2)\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & m \\ 1 & m & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \end{vmatrix}.
Subtracting the third row from the first two:
Δ=(m+2)∣00m−10m−10111∣=(m+2)⋅(−(m−1)2).\Delta = (m+2)\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 0 & m-1 \\ 0 & m-1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = (m+2)\cdot(-(m-1)^2).
So Δ=−(m+2)(m−1)2\Delta = -(m+2)(m-1)^2.

Conclusion. The family is linearly independent if and only if m≠−2m\neq -2 and m≠1m\neq 1.