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Exercise 132Calculus › Single-variable calculus › Differentiation › Optimisation and curve sketchingL1Added 4 Nov 2026

The trapezoid of largest area with three equal sides

#optimisation#trigonometry#geometry#trapezoid

Statement

An isosceles trapezoid has its two legs and its short base all equal to 11. Let θ∈(0,π2)\theta\in\left(0,\frac\pi2\right) be the base angle (between a leg and the long base). Find θ\theta maximising the area, and the maximal area.

Hint

The height is sin⁡θ\sin\theta. The long base is 1+2cos⁡θ1+2\cos\theta.

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Solution

Area. The average of the bases is 1+(1+2cos⁡θ)2=1+cos⁡θ\frac{1+(1+2\cos\theta)}2=1+\cos\theta, so
A(θ)=sin⁡θ (1+cos⁡θ).A(\theta)=\sin\theta\,(1+\cos\theta).

Derivative.
A′(θ)=cos⁡θ(1+cos⁡θ)−sin⁡2θ=2cos⁡2θ+cos⁡θ−1=(2cos⁡θ−1)(cos⁡θ+1).A'(\theta)=\cos\theta(1+\cos\theta)-\sin^2\theta=2\cos^2\theta+\cos\theta-1=(2\cos\theta-1)(\cos\theta+1).
On (0,π2)\left(0,\frac\pi2\right), cos⁡θ+1>0\cos\theta+1>0 and 2cos⁡θ−1>0  ⟺  θ<π32\cos\theta-1>0\iff\theta<\frac\pi3. So AA increases until θ=π3\theta=\frac\pi3, then decreases.

Answer. θ=π3\theta=\dfrac\pi3, and
Amax⁡=32⋅32=334≈1.30.A_{\max}=\frac{\sqrt3}2\cdot\frac32=\frac{3\sqrt3}4\approx1.30.

Remark. At θ=π3\theta=\frac\pi3 the trapezoid is half of a regular hexagon of side 11: the best shape is the natural one. A regular hexagon has area 332\frac{3\sqrt3}2, twice the answer.