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Exercise 168Calculus › Single-variable calculus › Differentiation › Optimisation and curve sketchingL1Added 4 Nov 2026

The minimum of x^x

#logarithmic differentiation#extrema#limits

Statement

Study f(x)=xx=exln⁡xf(x)=x^x=e^{x\ln x} on (0,+∞)(0,+\infty): limit at 0+0^+, variations, minimum.

Hint

f′(x)=f(x)⋅(xln⁡x)′f'(x)=f(x)\cdot(x\ln x)'.

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Solution

Limit. xln⁡x→0x\ln x\to0 as x→0+x\to0^+, so f(x)→e0=1f(x)\to e^0=1: ff extends continuously to 00 with f(0)=1f(0)=1.

Derivative. (xln⁡x)′=ln⁡x+1(x\ln x)'=\ln x+1, so f′(x)=xx(ln⁡x+1)f'(x)=x^x(\ln x+1). It is negative for x<1ex<\frac1e and positive for x>1ex>\frac1e.

Variations. ff decreases from 11 (at 0+0^+) to its minimum, then increases to +∞+\infty:
fmin⁡=f(1e)=e−1/e≈0.692.f_{\min}=f\left(\frac1e\right)=e^{-1/e}\approx0.692.
Also f(1)=1f(1)=1, so ff takes the value 11 again at x=1x=1.

Consequence. For every x>0x>0, xx≥e−1/ex^x\ge e^{-1/e}, with equality only at x=1ex=\frac1e. Also f(x)→+∞f(x)\to+\infty as x→+∞x\to+\infty (faster than any exponential axa^x, since xxax=(xa)x→∞\frac{x^x}{a^x}=\left(\frac xa\right)^x\to\infty).

Remark. Since f′(x)→−∞f'(x)\to-\infty as x→0+x\to0^+, the curve leaves the point (0,1)(0,1) with a vertical tangent, heading downward.