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Exercise 716Calculus › Single-variable calculus › LimitsL1Added 1 Nov 2026

Tangent minus sine over x cubed

#trigonometric limits#factoring

Statement

Compute
lim⁡x→0tan⁡x−sin⁡xx3.\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\tan x-\sin x}{x^3}.

Hint

Write sin⁡x=tan⁡xcos⁡x\sin x=\tan x\cos x and factor tan⁡x\tan x.

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Solution

Idea. Both tan⁡x\tan x and sin⁡x\sin x behave like xx, so their difference is much smaller than xx. Factoring reveals the two basic limits we know.

Computation. Since sin⁡x=tan⁡xcos⁡x\sin x=\tan x\cos x,
tan⁡x−sin⁡x=tan⁡x (1−cos⁡x),\tan x-\sin x=\tan x\,(1-\cos x),
and therefore
tan⁡x−sin⁡xx3=tan⁡xx⋅1−cos⁡xx2.\frac{\tan x-\sin x}{x^3}=\frac{\tan x}{x}\cdot\frac{1-\cos x}{x^2}.
We know that tan⁡xx=sin⁡xx⋅1cos⁡x→1⋅1=1\dfrac{\tan x}{x}=\dfrac{\sin x}{x}\cdot\dfrac1{\cos x}\to1\cdot1=1 and 1−cos⁡xx2→12.\dfrac{1-\cos x}{x^2}\to\dfrac12. The limit is 12\dfrac12.

Remark. Splitting a quotient into a product of known limits works because the limit of a product is the product of the limits, as long as each factor has a limit.