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Exercise 1828Algebra › PolynomialsL1Added 3 Nov 2026

Rolle's theorem for polynomials

#Rolle#roots#derivatives

Statement

Show that if PP has nn distinct real roots, then P′P' has at least n−1n-1 distinct real roots.

Hint

Apply Rolle's theorem between consecutive roots.

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Solution

Setup. Let x1<x2<⋯<xnx_1<x_2<\cdots<x_n be the roots of PP. On each interval [xi,xi+1][x_i,x_{i+1}], PP is continuous on the closed interval, differentiable on the open interval, and P(xi)=P(xi+1)=0P(x_i)=P(x_{i+1})=0.

Rolle. By Rolle's theorem, there exists ci∈]xi,xi+1[c_i\in]x_i,x_{i+1}[ with P′(ci)=0P'(c_i)=0.

Distinctness. The cic_i are in disjoint intervals, hence distinct.

Conclusion. P′P' has at least n−1n-1 distinct real roots. This is exactly the statement.