Maths WorkshopMaths problems with full solutions
Exercise 1821Algebra › PolynomialsOlympiadAdded 3 Nov 2026

A polynomial identity

#polynomial identity#factorization#symmetric

Statement

Prove the identity
a3+b3+c3−3abc=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2−ab−bc−ca).a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc=(a+b+c)(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca).

Hint

Expand the right-hand side, or use a3+b3+c3−3abc=(a+b+c)((a+b+c)2−3(ab+bc+ca))/2a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc=(a+b+c)((a+b+c)^2-3(ab+bc+ca))/2 type manipulations.

Show solutionHide solution

Solution

Expansion.
(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2−ab−bc−ca)=a3+ab2+ac2−a2b−abc−a2c+ba2+b3+bc2−ab2−b2c−abc+ca2+cb2+c3−abc−ac2−bc2.(a+b+c)(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca)=a^3+ab^2+ac^2-a^2b-abc-a^2c+ba^2+b^3+bc^2-ab^2-b^2c-abc+ca^2+cb^2+c^3-abc-ac^2-bc^2.
Group: a3+b3+c3a^3+b^3+c^3, and for each mixed term, we have:
- ab2ab^2 terms: ab2−ab2=0ab^2-ab^2=0.
- Similarly for others.

After cancellation: a3+b3+c3−3abca^3+b^3+c^3-3abc.

Conclusion. The identity holds.

Corollary. a3+b3+c3=3abca^3+b^3+c^3=3abc iff a+b+c=0a+b+c=0 or a=b=ca=b=c (over R\mathbb{R}, using the SOS identity for the second factor).