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Exercise 297Topology › Topology of Mn(ℝ) › Norms and metric structureL2Added 7 Nov 2026

Every norm on M_n(R) is complete

#completeness#finite dimension#equivalence of norms

Statement

Show that Mn(R)M_n(\mathbb{R}) equipped with any norm is complete.

Hint

Reduce to Rn2\mathbb{R}^{n^2} using the Frobenius norm.

You will need the fact (proved in the problem "Equivalence of norms" below) that all norms on a finite-dimensional space are equivalent.

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Solution

Idea. Completeness is a property of the *uniform structure*, so it is the same for two equivalent norms. For one particular norm, the Frobenius norm, the space is just Rn2\mathbb{R}^{n^2}, which is complete.

Step 1: the Frobenius norm. A Cauchy sequence (Ak)(A_k) for ∥⋅∥F\|\cdot\|_F has Cauchy entries: ∣aij(k)−aij(l)∣≤∥Ak−Al∥F|a^{(k)}_{ij}-a^{(l)}_{ij}|\le\|A_k-A_l\|_F (previous problem). Each entry sequence converges in R\mathbb{R}, say to aija_{ij}. Let A=(aij)A=(a_{ij}); then ∥Ak−A∥F2=∑i,j(aij(k)−aij)2→0\|A_k-A\|_F^2=\sum_{i,j}(a^{(k)}_{ij}-a_{ij})^2\to0, a finite sum of terms tending to 00.

Step 2: any other norm. Let ∥⋅∥′\|\cdot\|' be any norm. By equivalence of norms there are c,C>0c,C>0 with c∥A∥F≤∥A∥′≤C∥A∥Fc\|A\|_F\le\|A\|'\le C\|A\|_F. A sequence is ∥⋅∥′\|\cdot\|'-Cauchy iff it is ∥⋅∥F\|\cdot\|_F-Cauchy, and it converges for one norm iff it converges for the other (to the same limit). Hence completeness transfers.

Remark. This is specific to finite dimension. In infinite dimension, different norms on the same vector space can give a complete and a non-complete space (e.g. continuous functions with the sup norm versus the L1L^1 norm).