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Exercise 1266Algebra › InequalitiesOlympiadAdded 4 Nov 2026

A sum of squares of a + 1/a, via Jensen

#Jensen's inequality#convexity#constraint a+b+c=1

Statement

Let a,b,c>0a,b,c>0 with a+b+c=1a+b+c=1. Prove that
(a+1a)2+(b+1b)2+(c+1c)2≥1003.\left(a+\frac1a\right)^2+\left(b+\frac1b\right)^2+\left(c+\frac1c\right)^2\ge\frac{100}3.

Hint

Show that f(x)=(x+1x)2f(x)=\left(x+\frac1x\right)^2 is convex on (0,∞)(0,\infty) and apply Jensen's inequality.

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Solution

Convexity. f(x)=x2+2+1x2f(x)=x^2+2+\frac1{x^2}, so
f′′(x)=2+6x4>0(x>0).f''(x)=2+\frac6{x^4}>0\quad(x>0).

Jensen. For a convex ff: f(a)+f(b)+f(c)3≥f(a+b+c3)=f(13)\frac{f(a)+f(b)+f(c)}3\ge f\left(\frac{a+b+c}3\right)=f\left(\frac13\right). Here f(13)=(13+3)2=1009f\left(\frac13\right)=\left(\frac13+3\right)^2=\frac{100}9. Hence
f(a)+f(b)+f(c)≥3⋅1009=1003.f(a)+f(b)+f(c)\ge3\cdot\frac{100}9=\frac{100}3.

Equality iff a=b=c=13a=b=c=\frac13.

Remark. An alternative is the tangent line trick at 13\frac13.

Lesson. If ∑f(ai)\sum f(a_i) has a *fixed sum* ∑ai\sum a_i and f′′≥0f''\ge0, Jensen gives the minimum at the equal point; f′′≤0f''\le0 gives the maximum.