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Exercise 1986Geometry › Plane geometryOlympiadAdded 5 Nov 2026

Ptolemy's inequality by inversion

#inversion#Ptolemy's inequality#triangle inequality

Statement

For any four points A,B,C,DA,B,C,D in the plane, prove Ptolemy's inequality
AB⋅CD+AD⋅BC ≥ AC⋅BD.AB\cdot CD+AD\cdot BC\ \ge\ AC\cdot BD.

Hint

Invert about AA with radius 11. First find the distance between the images of two points.

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Solution

The inversion. Assume B,C,D≠AB,C,D\ne A. The inversion with centre AA and radius 11 sends a point X≠AX\ne A to X′X' on ray AXAX with AX⋅AX′=1AX\cdot AX'=1.

Lemma. For X,Y≠AX,Y\ne A: X′Y′=XYAX⋅AYX'Y'=\dfrac{XY}{AX\cdot AY}. (SAS similarity of AX′Y′AX'Y' and AYXAYX.)

The inequality. The triangle inequality in the images gives B′D′≤B′C′+C′D′B'D'\le B'C'+C'D'. By the lemma,
BDAB⋅AD≤BCAB⋅AC+CDAC⋅AD.\frac{BD}{AB\cdot AD}\le\frac{BC}{AB\cdot AC}+\frac{CD}{AC\cdot AD}.
Multiply by AB⋅AC⋅ADAB\cdot AC\cdot AD:
BD⋅AC≤BC⋅AD+CD⋅AB.BD\cdot AC\le BC\cdot AD+CD\cdot AB.
■\blacksquare

Remark (equality). Equality holds exactly when A,B,C,DA,B,C,D lie on a circle in this order (or on a line): Ptolemy's theorem.

Lesson. Inversion turns a product of distances into a sum of distances; the triangle inequality in the image gives the inequality in the original configuration.