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Exercise 710Calculus › Single-variable calculus › LimitsL1Added 1 Nov 2026

The gap between two exponentials at infinity

#exponential#limits at infinity#change of variable

Statement

Compute
lim⁡x→+∞x2(e1/x−e1/(x+1)).\lim_{x\to+\infty}x^2\left(e^{1/x}-e^{1/(x+1)}\right).

Hint

Let u=1xu=\frac1x and v=1x+1v=\frac1{x+1}. Factor out eve^v, and note that u−v=1x(x+1)u-v=\frac1{x(x+1)}.

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Solution

Idea. The two exponentials are very close to each other, since 1x\frac1x and 1x+1\frac1{x+1} are close. The gap is of order 1x2\frac1{x^2}, which x2x^2 compensates.

Computation. With u=1xu=\frac1x, v=1x+1v=\frac1{x+1} and w=u−v=1x(x+1)>0w=u-v=\dfrac1{x(x+1)}>0,
eu−ev=ev(ew−1).e^u-e^v=e^v\left(e^{w}-1\right).
Then
x2(eu−ev)=ev⋅ew−1w⋅x2w=ev⋅ew−1w⋅xx+1.x^2\left(e^u-e^v\right)=e^v\cdot\frac{e^w-1}{w}\cdot x^2w=e^v\cdot\frac{e^w-1}{w}\cdot\frac{x}{x+1}.
As x→+∞x\to+\infty: v→0v\to0 so ev→1e^v\to1; w→0w\to0 so ew−1w→1\dfrac{e^w-1}w\to1; and xx+1→1\dfrac x{x+1}\to1. The limit is 11.

Remark. This is the idea behind the mean value theorem: eu−ev≈ev(u−v)e^{u}-e^{v}\approx e^{v}(u-v) when uu and vv are close.