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Exercise 2125Linear algebra › Eigenvalues and diagonalisationL1Added 3 Nov 2026

Eigenvalues of a circulant matrix

#circulant matrix#eigenvalues#roots of unity

Statement

Let
C=(abccabbca).C = \begin{pmatrix} a & b & c \\ c & a & b \\ b & c & a \end{pmatrix}.
Show that the eigenvalues of CC are
λk=a+bωk+cω2k,k=0,1,2,\lambda_k = a + b\omega^k + c\omega^{2k}, \qquad k=0,1,2,
where ω=e2iπ/3\omega=e^{2i\pi/3}, with eigenvectors (1,ωk,ω2k)(1,\omega^k,\omega^{2k}).

Hint

Compute CvC v for v=(1,ω,ω2)v=(1,\omega,\omega^2) and use ω3=1\omega^3=1, 1+ω+ω2=01+\omega+\omega^2=0.

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Solution

Computation. Let vk=(1,ωk,ω2k)Tv_k=(1,\omega^k,\omega^{2k})^T. Then
(Cvk)1=a⋅1+b⋅ωk+c⋅ω2k=λk.(Cv_k)_1 = a\cdot1+b\cdot\omega^k+c\cdot\omega^{2k} = \lambda_k.
(Cvk)2=c⋅1+a⋅ωk+b⋅ω2k=ωk(a+bωk+cω2k)=ωkλk.(Cv_k)_2 = c\cdot1+a\cdot\omega^k+b\cdot\omega^{2k} = \omega^k(a+b\omega^k+c\omega^{2k}) = \omega^k\lambda_k.
(Cvk)3=b⋅1+c⋅ωk+a⋅ω2k=ω2k(a+bωk+cω2k)=ω2kλk.(Cv_k)_3 = b\cdot1+c\cdot\omega^k+a\cdot\omega^{2k} = \omega^{2k}(a+b\omega^k+c\omega^{2k}) = \omega^{2k}\lambda_k.
So Cvk=λkvkCv_k=\lambda_k v_k, and λk=a+bωk+cω2k\lambda_k=a+b\omega^k+c\omega^{2k}.

Diagonalizability. For k=0,1,2k=0,1,2, the vectors vkv_k are linearly independent (Vandermonde-type argument with distinct ωk\omega^k). So CC is diagonalizable over C\mathbb{C}, with eigenvalues λ0,λ1,λ2\lambda_0,\lambda_1,\lambda_2.

Conclusion. The eigenvalues of the circulant matrix CC are given by the discrete Fourier transform of (a,b,c)(a,b,c).