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Exercise 176Calculus › Single-variable calculus › Differentiation › Optimisation and curve sketchingL2Added 4 Nov 2026

Sketching x³/(x² − 1)

#curve sketching#oblique asymptote#odd function#inflection point

Statement

Study and sketch f(x)=x3x2−1f(x)=\dfrac{x^3}{x^2-1}: domain, parity, asymptotes and position, variations, convexity.

Hint

Divide: x3x2−1=x+xx2−1\dfrac{x^3}{x^2-1}=x+\dfrac x{x^2-1}. For f′f', you should find a factor x2x^2 in the numerator.

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Solution

Domain and parity. ff is defined on R∖{±1}\mathbb{R}\setminus\{\pm1\} and is odd: we study x≥0x\ge0 and use the symmetry about the origin.

Asymptotes. x=±1x=\pm1 are vertical asymptotes. Since f(x)−x=xx2−1→0f(x)-x=\frac x{x^2-1}\to0 at ±∞\pm\infty, the line y=xy=x is an oblique asymptote. The curve lies above it for x>1x>1 and below it for x<−1x<-1 (the sign of xx2−1\frac x{x^2-1} is positive for x>1x>1 and negative for x<−1x<-1).

First derivative.
f′(x)=x2(x2−3)(x2−1)2.f'(x)=\frac{x^2(x^2-3)}{(x^2-1)^2}.
So f′<0f'<0 on (0,1)(0,1) and (1,3)(1,\sqrt3), f′>0f'>0 for x>3x>\sqrt3, and f′(0)=0f'(0)=0.

Variations on [0,∞)[0,\infty). ff decreases from f(0)=0f(0)=0 to −∞-\infty on [0,1)[0,1) (since f→−∞f\to-\infty as x→1−x\to1^-), then decreases from +∞+\infty (as x→1+x\to1^+) to the local minimum f(3)=332≈2.6f(\sqrt3)=\frac{3\sqrt3}2\approx2.6 on (1,3](1,\sqrt3], and then increases to +∞+\infty, approaching the asymptote. By oddness there is a local maximum f(−3)=−332f(-\sqrt3)=-\frac{3\sqrt3}2.

Second derivative. f′′(x)=2x(x2+3)(x2−1)3f''(x)=\dfrac{2x(x^2+3)}{(x^2-1)^3}. It changes sign at 00 (and at the poles ±1\pm1): the origin is an inflection point where the tangent is horizontal (f′(0)=0f'(0)=0), and the curve crosses it (f(x)≈−x3f(x)\approx-x^3 near 00).

Remark. The origin is a *stationary inflection point*: f′(0)=0f'(0)=0 but 00 is not an extremum, since f′≤0f'\le0 on both sides of 00 (it does not change sign there).